Impacto de la historia clínica electrónica sobre los errores de medicación / Impact of computerized physician order entry on medication errors

Introducción. Hay pocos datos sobre el impacto que tiene la historia clínica electrónica sobre la frecuencia y severidad de los errores de medicación en pacientes agudos geriátricos. Material y métodos. Estudio analítico y descriptivo pre- y postimplementación de la historia clínica electrónica (HCE). Periodo de estudio: 6 años, usando un sistema de notificación voluntario para detectar los errores de medicación con el formulario IR2 del Servicio Nacional Inglés de Salud, el Global Trigger Tool y las rondas intinerantes con el Servicio de Farmacia usando las categorías de severidad del National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Index Categorizing Errors. Resultados. Se detectaron un total de 1.887 errores de medicación (1.553 pacientes) en el periodo de estudio y representó el primer evento adverso notificado (29,3%). Se encontraron 8,5 eventos adversos por 100 admisiones (0,24 en las categorías E a la I) y los errores de prescripción representaron un 27,6%. Para los fármacos dispensados, los eventos adversos fueron 2,07 veces más frecuentes en el periodo de 3 años (2007-2009) con la HCE que el periodo de 3 años con la historia clínica en papel (2004-2006), siendo más frecuente debido a antibióticos (1,92 veces), antitérmicos (2,21 veces) y opiáceos (2,72 veces). Para errores serios y por dosis dispensadas, hubo 5,18 veces menos de errores serios en el periodo relativo a la HCE, omisión de fármaco (46,8 veces menos frecuente), dosis equivocada (10,53 veces) y antibióticos (10,84 veces). Conclusión. Se han encontrado errores de medicación frecuentes en los pacientes agudos geriátricos. Se observó un incremento en los errores de medicación y una disminución en la severidad de los mismos en relación a la implantación de la historia clínica electrónica. Por este motivo, la implementación de la historia clínica electrónica debe ser monitorizada (AU)

Background. Information is scarce on the impact of the clinical electronic record on the frequency and severity of medication errors in acute geriatric patients. Material and methods. An analytical and descriptive pre-post study was conducted on the implementation of computerized provider order entry systems (CPOE), over a 6 year period. A voluntary reporting system was used to detect the medication errors using the IR2 report form of the UK National Health Service, the Global Trigger Tool and the walk rounds with the Pharmacy Service. The severity categories were taken from the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Index Categorizing Errors. Results. A total of 1887 medication errors (1553 patients) were detected in the period of study, and represented the first adverse event reported (29.3%). 8.5 adverse events per 100 admissions were found (0.24 in the categories E through I) and the prescription errors represented a 27.6%. By drugs dispensed, adverse events were 2.07 times more frequent in the 3 year period (2007-2009) with electronic clinical record than in the 3 year period with the hand-written system (2004-2006), being more frequent with antibiotics (1.92 times), antipyretic (2.21 times) and opiates (2.72 times). For serious errors and by doses dispensed, there were 5.18 times less frequent serious errors in the period related to the electronic record, drug omission (46.8 times less frequent), wrong dose (10.53 times) and antibiotics (10.84 times). Conclusion. Frequent medication errors were found in acute geriatric patients. An increase in medication errors and a decline in the severity of the detected errors were found in relationship to the electronic clinical record. For these reasons, the implementation of the electronic clinical record should be monitored (AU)

Impact of computerized physician order entry on medication errors.

BACKGROUND: Information is scarce on the impact of the clinical electronic record on the frequency and severity of medication errors in acute geriatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analytical and descriptive pre-post study was conducted on the implementation of computerized provider order entry systems (CPOE), over a 6 year period. A voluntary reporting system was used to detect the medication errors using the IR2 report form of the UK National Health Service, the Global Trigger Tool and the walk rounds with the Pharmacy Service. The severity categories were taken from the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Index Categorizing Errors. RESULTS: A total of 1887 medication errors (1553 patients) were detected in the period of study, and represented the first adverse event reported (29.3%). 8.5 adverse events per 100 admissions were found (0.24 in the categories E through I) and the prescription errors represented a 27.6%. By drugs dispensed, adverse events were 2.07 times more frequent in the 3 year period (2007-2009) with electronic clinical record than in the 3 year period with the hand-written system (2004-2006), being more frequent with antibiotics (1.92 times), antipyretic (2.21 times) and opiates (2.72 times). For serious errors and by doses dispensed, there were 5.18 times less frequent serious errors in the period related to the electronic record, drug omission (46.8 times less frequent), wrong dose (10.53 times) and antibiotics (10.84 times). CONCLUSION: Frequent medication errors were found in acute geriatric patients. An increase in medication errors and a decline in the severity of the detected errors were found in relationship to the electronic clinical record. For these reasons, the implementation of the electronic clinical record should be monitored.

Uso de diferentes sistemas de notificación de eventos adversos: ¿mucho ruido y pocas nueces? / Use of different patient safety reporting systems: much ado about nothing?

Objetivo. Debido a la infranotificación de los eventos adversos es necesario usar e incrementar diferentes sistemas de notificación. El objetivo fue analizar los eventos adversos ocurridos en el hospital a través de diferentes sistemas de notificación. Material y métodos. Hospital Monte Naranco, hospital con 200 camas (principalmente pacientes geriátricos, edad media: más de 80 años, estancia media: 8,6 días en los pacientes geriátricos). Diseño: estudio retrospectivo y prospectivo de eventos adversos registrados por: a) sistema de notificación voluntaria y confidencial del servicio inglés de salud (formulario IR2); b) notificación interna obligatoria (caídas de pacientes y accidentes laborales); c) notificación interna y estudios observacionales (cuidados de enfermería); d) estudio EPINE de prevalencia y registros del laboratorio de microbiología para el control de la infección nosocomial; e) indicadores del Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality mediante los códigos diagnósticos ICD-9-CM; f) WalkRounds y Briefings; g) estudio nacional sobre los eventos adversos ligados a la hospitalización (ENEAS); h) servicio de atención al usuario; i) estudio multicéntrico por observación de prevención de errores de medicación; j) estudio de exitus por el S. de documentación y comisión de historias clínicas; k) la herramienta Global Trigger Tool del Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Sistemática: liderazgo, entrenamiento en seguridad de pacientes, notificación y análisis de eventos adversos, diseminación de la cultura de seguridad de pacientes, gestor de riesgos clínicos trabajando a tiempo completo. Marco de la certificación ISO. Estudio prospectivo y retrospectivo de eventos adversos registrados...(AU)

Objective. Voluntary reporting of patient safety incidents may under-report incidents as well as the scale and severity of them. The aim of this report was to analyse of the adverse events in our hospital by means of different reporting systems. Material and Methods. Setting: Monte Naranco Hospital (Oviedo, Spain) is an associated University Hospital with 200- beds (mainly geriatric patients, mean age: over 80 years, lengths of stay rate: 8.6 days in these geriatric patients). Design: Prospective and retrospective study of adverse events recorded by: a) A voluntary and confidential notification (IR2 report form, National Health Service), b) Compulsory internal notification (patient falls and injuries in health care workers), c) Internal notification and observational studies (nursery care), d) Hospital- acquired infections (Spanish study of nosocomial infection–EPINE) and Microbiology Laboratory records, e) The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality indicators through ICD-9-CM diagnoses codes, f) Walk Rounds and Briefings, g) Spanish study of AE prevalence (ENEAS), h) Complaint Patient Unit, i) Spanish observational study of medication errors, j) Study of deaths by Commission of clinical records and k) Global Trigger Tool of the International for Healthcare Improvement. Interventions: Leadership, training in patient safety, incident report and analysis, spread of the patient safety culture, introduction and analysis of the different reporting systems with a clinical risk manager working a full time and ISO certification. We used a theoretical model to know the real scenario of our hospital and the number of adverse events...(AU)

[Use of different patient safety reporting systems: much ado about nothing?]. / Uso de diferentes sistemas de notificación de eventos adversos: ¿mucho ruido y pocas nueces?

OBJECTIVE: Voluntary reporting of patient safety incidents may under-report incidents as well as the scale and severity of them. The aim of this report was to analyse of the adverse events in our hospital by means of different reporting systems. SETTING: Monte Naranco Hospital (Oviedo, Spain) is an associated University Hospital with 200-beds (mainly geriatric patients, mean age: over 80 years, lengths of stay rate: 8.6 days in these geriatric patients). DESIGN: Prospective and retrospective study of adverse events recorded by: a) A voluntary and confidential notification (IR2 report form, National Health Service), b) Compulsory internal notification (patient falls and injuries in health care workers), c) Internal notification and observational studies (nursery care), d) Hospital-acquired infections (Spanish study of nosocomial infection--EPINE) and Microbiology Laboratory records, e) The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality indicators through ICD-9-CM diagnoses codes, f) Walk Rounds and Briefings, g) Spanish study of AE prevalence (ENEAS), h) Complaint Patient Unit, i) Spanish observational study of medication errors, j) Study of deaths by Commission of clinical records and k) Global Trigger Tool of the International for Healthcare Improvement. INTERVENTIONS: Leadership, training in patient safety, incident report and analysis, spread of the patient safety culture, introduction and analysis of the different reporting systems with a clinical risk manager working a full time and ISO certification. We used a theoretical model to know the real scenario of our hospital and the number of adverse events. RESULTS: The total prevalence of adverse events was 7% (ENEAS--in the year 2005). There was a mean of 43.7 adverse events/1,000 patient days, 50 adverse events/100 admissions, and 43.3 percent of admissions with an adverse events (Global Trigger Tool--in 2007), the prevalence of nosocomial infection was 4.2% (EPINE--2007) and the prevalence of medication errors of 19.2% (Spanish observational study of medication errors--in the year 2007). We increased the notification and record of adverse events from around 300 in 2004 to 2269 in 2006 (an increase of 756.3%) and the reporting systems from 4 to 10. The theoretical model with the data of voluntary notification (n=300) in 2006 was as follow: No. of adverse events and near misses per patient/day recorded--theoretical number (0.1-67), No. of adverse events and near misses per 1000 patients/day (0.2-188.3), No. of adverse events (290-2900), No. of near misses (10-290,000), medication errors (150-2500). CONCLUSIONS: We have increased the adverse events reporting due the inclusion of the reporting systems and a clinical risk manager working a full time, with a clearer picture of the types of adverse events with an integration of different data and reporting systems, and a better approach to improvement, monitoring and review of the processes. The nature of the sources in the reporting systems does not permit to know the ranking and real figures of the adverse events, and it is necessary to established priorities and to stagger the different reporting systems in the time and in function of the cost effectiveness measures. The reporting systems are the first step to analysis and is necessary to improve and mitigate the adverse events.

[Automation of parenteral nutrition elaboration: adaptation to in force legislation]. / Automatización de la elaboración de nutrición parenteral: adecuación a la legislación actual.

INTRODUCTION: Quality and efficiency criteria of allowances associated to technological procedures are developing in a setting that values quality, and from there the Real Decree RD175/2001 has been issued by which the rules of correct elaboration and quality control of formulations and pharmacy preparations. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a formulation and, as such, its elaboration and control have to agree with the in force regulations. With this aim, at the Bellvitge University Hospital we have developed a project for automation of elaboration of PN mixtures with the MicroMacro Pump 23 Baxa Compounder. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of implementing an automated system of volumetric control in PN elaboration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The project development may be divided into two differentiated aspects. The first one consisted in the implementation and optimization of the automated system of volumetric control (ASVC). The second aspect comprehends the comparative control performed between the new system and the previous one, and which consisted of a gravimetric system with visual control. For that, real weights were gathered and were compared to predicted weights, and the time of elaboration per bag before and at two times after the implementation of the automated system was registered; the first time just after implementation of the system, and the second time within one year. RESULTS: For the comparison study between both systems used, 141 preparations in total, corresponding to individualized PN, were analyzed: 47 elaborated by means of the gravimetric system (GS), 47 with the ASVC during the implementation period (PN ASVC period 1), 47 PN elaborated with the ASVC within one year of implementation (PN ASVC period 2). The average variation between real weight and predicted weight at the three periods (pre-ASVC, NP ASVC period 1, NP ASVC period 2) was 2.41%, 1.35% and 1.25% respectively (table I). This decrease was statistically significant (p = 0.014). When analyzing the percentage of preparations out of the 3% variation range, we observed a significant reduction (p = 0.00001) by comparing the three periods (Table II). The average elaboration time with the ASVC increased approximately in 4 minutes by bag (3 min 58 sec) during the first studied period, and 3 min 10 sec during the second period, as compared with the study period with the GS. CONCLUSIONS: The new bag-filling system by means of volumetric control represents an improvement in accuracy control and a decrease in the risk for surpassing the acceptable limits. The implementation of a new technological procedure is a difficult task that implies the change of many aspects of the daily practice and that requires a "cultural" change in the PN Unit with the aim of optimizing the process. However, these issues allow for an adaptation to legal requisites in force regarding the regulations of proper elaboration and quality control of formulations as well as an improvement in the integral quality of care.

Implantación y evaluación del análisis de peligros y puntos de control críticos (APPCC) en las industrias tinerfeñas productoras de Gofio / Implementation and evaluation of critical hazards and check points analysis (chcpa) in gofio-producing industries from Tenerife

Objetivo: Implantar de manera satisfactoria el Sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Críticos. Ámbito: la Isla de Tenerife. Sujetos: 15 industrias. Intervención: se procedió realizando visitas a las fábricas productoras de gofio, con el fin de asesorar a los empresarios y operarios de las mismas, posteriormente se valoró la intervención verificando condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de la industria y la correcta aplicación del Sistema de Autocontrol establecido. Resultados: Después de la intervención de asesoramiento, se observa que determinados parámetros tenidos en cuenta desde el punto de vista higiénico-sanitario se han corregido, como modificar sus instalaciones para adecuarlas a las normativas vigentes o pedir que los proveedores certifiquen las materias primas. En cuanto al proceso de producción del alimento, la intervención fue efectiva para que más de la mitad de las industrias redujeran el tiempo de aquellas fases más susceptibles de contaminación y para que se llevaran a cabo los de registros de control que se establecieron. Conclusiones: Todas las industrias instauraron el sistema de autocontrol mediante cuadros de registros de cada una de las fases de elaboración. El 86% de las industrias han introducido materiales más higiénicos. Un 60% aplicaron una reducción en los plazos de tiempo intermedios en las fases de producción. Un 26% realizaron alguna sustitución de maquinaria obsoleta, modernizando las instalaciones (AU)

Objective: To satisfactorily implement the critical hazards and check points analysis. Setting: Tenerife Island. Subjects: 15 industries. Intervention: visits to gofio-manufacturing industries were done with the aim of giving advice to employers and workers, and thereafter, the intervention was assessed verifying the hygiene and sanitary conditions of the industry and the correct application of the established auto-control system. Results: After the advising intervention, we observed that certain parameters taken into account from the hygiene and sanitary perspective have been corrected, such as modifying the facilities to adapt them to in force regulations, or asking the suppliers to certify raw materials. With regards to food production process, the intervention was effective in such a way that more than have of the industries reduced the time of those phases with higher contamination susceptibility and to carry out the control registries that were established. Conclusions: All industries implemented the autocontrol system by means of registration charts of each one of the elaboration phases. - 86% of the industries have introduced more hygienic materials. - 60% implemented a reduction in intermediate times of production phases. - 26% performed some obsolete machinery replacement modernizing the facilities (AU)